Skip to main content

APRD Survey

Dear Users:

We value your contribution to and use of the Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database (APRD).

The APRD Team is conducting a Survey to gauge users experiences, our objective is to determine how the database enhances research, and to allow for users to provide feedback, suggestions and requests for potential improvements. Please take the anonymous survey using this link: Link to Survey

Thank you for your Participation,
David Mota-Sanchez
Arthropod Resistance Database Director

anopheles gambiae

Profile

Order Family Common Name(s) Group Host
diptera culicidae african malaria mosquito MED

Shown Resistance to Active Ingredient(s)

  1. bendiocarb (#10)
  2. BHC/cyclodienes - Unspecified In Literature (#21)
  3. cyfluthrin (#9)
  4. cyhalothrin-lambda (#40)
  5. DDT (#55)
  6. deltamethrin (#28)
  7. dieldrin (#9)
  8. etofenprox (#14)
  9. fenitrothion (#3)
  10. permethrin (#16)

Citation(s) of Resistance

# Citation
1 Gariou, J. and Mouchet, J. (1961). Apparition of a strain of Anopheles gambiae resistnat to dieldrin in the zone of the paludism campaign in Cameroon.. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 54 870-75.
2 WHO 1966a. (1966).
3 WHO 1976. (1976).
4 WHO 1980. (1980).
5 WHO 1986. (1986).
6 Elliot, R. (1956). Insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae Giles.. Nature (Lond.), 177 532-33.
7 N'Guessan, R., Corbel, V., Akogbeto, M., and Rowland, M. (2007). Reduced Efficacy of Insecticide-treated Nets and Indoor Residual Spraying for Malaria Control in Pyrethroid Resistance Area, Benin. Emerging Infectious Disease, 13 199-206.
8 Koekemoer, L. L., Spillings, B. L., Christian, R. N., Lo, T. M., Kaiser, M. L., Norton, R. A. I., Oliver, S. V., Choi, K. S., Brooke, B. D., Hunt, R. H., and Coetzee, M. (2011). Multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) from Pointe Noire, Republic of the Congo. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 11(8) 1193-1200.
9 Aizoun, N., Aikpon, R., Gnanguenon, V., Oussou, O., Agossa, F., Padonou, G., and Akogbeto, M. (2013). Status of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato from the south and north Benin, West Africa. Parasites & Vectors, 6 274.
10 Protopopoff, N., Matowo, J., Malima, R., Kavishe, R., Kaaya, R., Wright, A., West, P. A., Kleinschmidt, I., Kisinza, W., Mosha, F. W., and Rowland, M. (2013). High level of resistance in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae to pyrethroid insecticides and reduced susceptibility to bendiocarb in north-western Tanzania. Malaria Journal, 12 149.
11 Aizoun, N., Aikpon, R., Padonou, G. G., Oussou, O., Oke-Agbo, F., Gnanguenon, V., Osse, R., and Akogbeto, M. (2013). Mixed-function oxidases and esterases associated with permethrin, deltamethrin and bendiocarb resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in the south-north transect Benin, West Africa. Parasites and Vectors, 6 223.
12 Nkya, T., Akhouayri, I., Poupardin, R., Batengana, B., Mosha, F., Magesa, S., Kisina, W., and David, J. (2014). Insecticide resistance mechanisms associated with different environments in the malaria vector Anophales gambiae: a case study in Tanzania. Malaria Journal, 13.
13 Aizoun, N., Azondekon, R., and Akogbeto, M. (2014). Does the dynamic of insecticide resistance affect the results of susceptibility tests?. International Journal of Current Micobiology and Applied Sciences, 3(10) 885-892.
14 Aizoun, N., Azondekon, R., Aikpon, R., Anagonou, R., Gnanguenon, V., and Akogbeto, M. (2014). Dynamics of insecticide resistance and exploring biochemical mechanisms involved in pyrethroids and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethane (DDT) cross-resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l populations from Benin, West Africa. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology, 8(3) 41-50.
15 Thomsen, E.K., Strode, C., Hemmings, K., Hughes, A.J., Chanda, E., Musapa, M., Kamuliwo, M., Phiri, F.N., Muzia, L., Chanda, J., Kandyata, A., Chirwa, B., Poer, K., Hemingway, J., Wondji, C.S., Ranson, H., and Coleman, M. (2014). Underpinning Sustainable Vector Control through Informed Insecticide Resistance Management. PLOSone, 9(6) e99822.
16 Cisse, M., Keita, C., Dicko, A., Dengela, D., Coleman, J., Lucas, B., Mihigo, J., Sadou, A., Belemvire, A., George, K., Fornadel, C., and Beach, R. (2015). Characterizing the insecticide resistance of Anopheles gambiae in Mali. Malaria Journal, 14.
17 Ahadji-Dabla, K. M., Ketoh, G. K., Nyamador, W. S., Apetogbo, G. Y., and Glitho, I. A. (2014). Susceptibility to DDT and pyrethroids, and detection of knockdown resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in Southern Togo. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 8 314-323.
18 Dery, D. B., Segbaya, S., Asoalla, V., Amoyaw, F., Amoako, N., Agyeman-Budu, A., Oduro, A., Owusu-Agyei, S., and Asante, K. P. (2016). Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Susceptibility to Insecticides and Knockdown Resistance Genes Prior to Introduction of Indoor Residual Spraying in 11 Districts in Ghana. Journal of Medical Entomology, 53 (6) 1403-1409.

Location(s) Where Resistance is Reported

# Location
1 16 -- Benin -- 4
2 20 -- Burkina Faso -- 4
3 24 -- Cameroon -- 4
4 26 -- Central African Republic -- 4
5 31 -- Congo -- 4
6 33 -- Cote d'Ivoire -- 4
7 48 -- Equatorial Guinea -- 4
8 56 -- Gambia -- 4
9 58 -- Ghana -- 4
10 64 -- Guinea -- 4
11 81 -- Kenya -- 4
12 86 -- Liberia -- 4
13 88 -- Madagascar -- 4
14 92 -- Mali -- 4
15 93 -- Mauritania -- 4
16 105 -- Niger -- 4
17 106 -- Nigeria -- 4
18 122 -- Senegal -- 4
19 124 -- Sierra Leone -- 4
20 128 -- South Africa -- 4
21 133 -- Sudan -- 4
22 143 -- Tanzania -- 4
23 146 -- Togo -- 4
24 166 -- Zaire -- 4
25 1889 -- Benin -- Ladji -- 4
26 6302 -- Congo -- Pointe Noire -- Boutoto -- 4
27 6310 -- Congo -- Pointe Noire -- Boutoto -- 4
28 6315 -- Congo -- Pointe Noire -- Boutoto -- 4
29 6668 -- Benin -- Alibori -- Malanville -- 4
30 6669 -- Benin -- Atakora -- Tanguieta -- 4
31 6670 -- Benin -- Atakora -- Tanguieta -- 4
32 6673 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kikagate -- 4
33 6674 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kyamyorwa -- 4
34 6675 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kishuro -- 4
35 6676 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Ngenge -- 4
36 6677 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Rwigembe -- 4
37 6678 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Buhuma -- 4
38 6679 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kangoma -- 4
39 6680 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kikagate -- 4
40 6681 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kiteme -- 4
41 6682 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kyamyorwa -- 4
42 6683 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Nyakahama -- 4
43 6684 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Buhanga -- 4
44 6685 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kimbuga -- 4
45 6686 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kangoma -- 4
46 6687 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kyamyorwa -- 4
47 6688 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kyamyorwa -- 4
48 6689 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Rwigembe -- 4
49 6690 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Buhuma -- 4
50 6691 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kikagate -- 4
51 6692 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kiteme -- 4
52 6693 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kishuro -- 4
53 6694 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kyamyorwa -- 4
54 6695 -- Tanzania -- Kagera Region -- Kiteme -- 4
55 6697 -- Benin -- Agbalilame -- 4
56 6698 -- Benin -- Kandi -- 4
57 6802 -- Tanzania -- Dar es Salaam -- Temeke -- 4
58 6863 -- Tanzania -- Dar es Salaam -- Kinondoni -- 4
59 6864 -- Tanzania -- Hai -- Kikafu -- 4
60 6865 -- Tanzania -- Dar es Salaam -- Ilala -- 4
61 6866 -- Tanzania -- Dar es Salaam -- Kinondoni -- 4
62 6867 -- Tanzania -- Muheza -- Zeneti -- 4
63 9701 -- West Africa -- Benin -- Dangbo -- 4
64 9897 -- West Africa -- Akron -- Littoral -- Cotonou -- 4
65 9898 -- West Africa -- Akron -- 4
66 9899 -- West Africa -- Akron -- 4
67 9900 -- West Africa -- Akron -- 4
68 9901 -- West Africa -- Suru-lere -- 4
69 9902 -- West Africa -- Suru-lere -- 4
70 9903 -- West Africa -- Suru-lere -- 4
71 9904 -- West Africa -- Bame -- 4
72 9905 -- West Africa -- Bame -- 4
73 9927 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Kitwe -- 4
74 9928 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Luanshya -- 4
75 9929 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Ndola -- 4
76 9930 -- Zambia -- Northern -- Kasama -- 4
77 9931 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Kitwe -- 4
78 9932 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Chililabobwe -- 4
79 9933 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Kitwe -- 4
80 9934 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Luanshya -- 4
81 9935 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Kitwe -- 4
82 9936 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Luanshya -- 4
83 9937 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Chililabobwe -- 4
84 9938 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Kitwe -- 4
85 9939 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Luanshya -- 4
86 9940 -- Zambia -- Northern -- Kasama -- 4
87 9959 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Chililabobwe -- 4
88 9960 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Chililabobwe -- 4
89 9961 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Masaiti -- 4
90 9962 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Mufulira -- 4
91 9963 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Masaiti -- 4
92 9964 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Mufulira -- 4
93 9965 -- Zambia -- Copperbelt -- Mufulira -- 4
94 10815 -- Mali -- Koulikoro -- Koulikoro -- 4
95 10816 -- Mali -- Kati -- 4
96 10817 -- Mali -- Segou -- Niono -- 4
97 10818 -- Mali -- Segou -- Bla -- 4
98 10819 -- Mali -- Segou -- Baraoueli -- 4
99 10820 -- Mali -- Sikasso -- Bougouni -- 4
100 10821 -- Mali -- Sikasso -- Silengue -- 4
101 10822 -- Mali -- Sikasso -- Kadiolo -- 4
102 10823 -- Mali -- Mopti -- Bankass -- 4
103 10824 -- Mali -- Mopti -- Djenne -- 4
104 10825 -- Mali -- Bamako -- 4
105 10826 -- Mali -- Mopti -- Badiangara -- 4
106 10827 -- Mali -- Mopti -- Bankass -- 4
107 10828 -- Mali -- Mopti -- Djenne -- 4
108 10829 -- Mali -- Koulikoro -- Koulikoro -- 4
109 10830 -- Mali -- Koulikoro -- kati -- 4
110 10831 -- Mali -- Segou -- Niono -- 4
111 10832 -- Mali -- Segou -- Baraoueli -- 4
112 10833 -- Mali -- Sikasso -- Silengue -- 4
113 10834 -- Mali -- Sikasso -- Kadiolo -- 4
114 10835 -- Mali -- Bamako -- 4
115 10836 -- Mali -- Kayes -- Kita -- 4
116 10837 -- Mali -- Segou -- Bla -- 4
117 10838 -- Mali -- Sikasso -- Bougouni -- 4
118 10839 -- Mali -- Sikasso -- Kadiolo -- 4
119 10840 -- Mali -- Sikasso -- Kadiolo -- 4
120 11169 -- Togo -- Kovie -- 4
121 11170 -- Togo -- Lome -- 4
122 11171 -- Togo -- Lome -- 4
123 11172 -- Togo -- Kovie -- 4
124 11173 -- Togo -- Lome -- 4
125 11174 -- Togo -- Kovie -- 4
126 12001 -- Ghana -- Upper East -- Bolgatanga -- 4
127 12003 -- Ghana -- Bawku West -- Zebilla -- 4
128 12004 -- Ghana -- Bolgatanga -- Bolgatanga -- 4
129 12005 -- Ghana -- Bongo -- Bongo -- 4
130 12006 -- Ghana -- Kassena-Nankana -- Navrongo -- 4
131 12007 -- Ghana -- Kassena-Nankana -- Navrongo -- 4
132 12008 -- Ghana -- Builsa -- Sandema -- 4
133 12009 -- Ghana -- Builsa -- Sandema -- 4
134 12010 -- Ghana -- Talensi-Nabdam -- Tongo -- 4
135 12011 -- Ghana -- Sissala East -- Tumu -- 4
136 12012 -- Ghana -- Sissala East -- Tumu -- 4
137 12013 -- Ghana -- Nzema East -- Axim -- 4
138 12014 -- Ghana -- Nzema East -- Axim -- 4
139 12015 -- Ghana -- Ahanta West -- Agona Nkwanta -- 4
140 12016 -- Ghana -- Ahanta West -- Agona Nkwanta -- 4
141 12017 -- Ghana -- Prestea Huni Valley -- Bogoso -- 4
142 12018 -- Ghana -- Prestea Huni Valley -- Bogoso -- 4
143 12019 -- Ghana -- Bolgatanga -- Bolgatanga -- 4
144 12020 -- Ghana -- Bolgatanga -- Bolgatanga -- 4
145 12021 -- Ghana -- Bolgatanga -- Bolgatanga -- 4
146 12022 -- Ghana -- Bolgatanga -- Bolgatanga -- 4
147 12023 -- Ghana -- Bolgatanga -- Bolgatanga -- 4
148 12024 -- Ghana -- Bongo -- Bongo -- 4
149 12025 -- Ghana -- Bongo -- Bongo -- 4
150 12026 -- Ghana -- Bongo -- Bongo -- 4
151 12027 -- Ghana -- Bongo -- Bongo -- 4
152 12028 -- Ghana -- Bongo -- Bongo -- 4
153 12029 -- Ghana -- Bawku West -- Zebilla -- 4
154 12030 -- Ghana -- Bawku West -- Zebilla -- 4
155 12031 -- Ghana -- Bawku West -- Zebilla -- 4
156 12032 -- Ghana -- Kassena-Nankana -- Navrongo -- 4
157 12033 -- Ghana -- Kassena-Nankana -- Navrongo -- 4
158 12034 -- Ghana -- Kassena-Nankana -- Navrongo -- 4
159 12035 -- Ghana -- Kassena-Nankana -- Navrongo -- 4
160 12036 -- Ghana -- Kassena-Nankana -- Navrongo -- 4
161 12037 -- Ghana -- Builsa -- Sandema -- 4
162 12038 -- Ghana -- Builsa -- Sandema -- 4
163 12039 -- Ghana -- Builsa -- Sandema -- 4
164 12040 -- Ghana -- Builsa -- Sandema -- 4
165 12041 -- Ghana -- Builsa -- Sandema -- 4
166 12042 -- Ghana -- Talensi-Nabdam -- Tongo -- 4
167 12043 -- Ghana -- Talensi-Nabdam -- Tongo -- 4
168 12044 -- Ghana -- Talensi-Nabdam -- Tongo -- 4
169 12045 -- Ghana -- Talensi-Nabdam -- Tongo -- 4
170 12046 -- Ghana -- Talensi-Nabdam -- Tongo -- 4
171 12047 -- Ghana -- Sissala East -- Tumu -- 4
172 12048 -- Ghana -- Sissala East -- Tumu -- 4
173 12049 -- Ghana -- Sissala East -- Tumu -- 4
174 12050 -- Ghana -- Sissala East -- Tumu -- 4
175 12051 -- Ghana -- Sissala East -- Tumu -- 4
176 12052 -- Ghana -- Nzema East -- Axim -- 4
177 12053 -- Ghana -- Nzema East -- Axim -- 4
178 12054 -- Ghana -- Nzema East -- Axim -- 4
179 12055 -- Ghana -- Nzema East -- Axim -- 4
180 12056 -- Ghana -- Nzema East -- Axim -- 4
181 12057 -- Ghana -- Ahanta West -- Agona Nkwanta -- 4
182 12058 -- Ghana -- Ahanta West -- Agona Nkwanta -- 4
183 12059 -- Ghana -- Ahanta West -- Agona Nkwanta -- 4
184 12060 -- Ghana -- Ahanta West -- Agona Nkwanta -- 4
185 12061 -- Ghana -- Ahanta West -- Agona Nkwanta -- 4
186 12062 -- Ghana -- Tarkwa-Nsuaem -- Tarkwa -- 4
187 12063 -- Ghana -- Tarkwa-Nsuaem -- Tarkwa -- 4
188 12064 -- Ghana -- Prestea Huni Valley -- Bogoso -- 4
189 12065 -- Ghana -- Prestea Huni Valley -- Bogoso -- 4
190 12066 -- Ghana -- Prestea Huni Valley -- Bogoso -- 4
191 12067 -- Ghana -- Prestea Huni Valley -- Bogoso -- 4

Other Reference

Google Search for anopheles gambiae


© Michigan State University Board of Trustees. East Lansing, MI 48824
MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer. Visit msu.edu