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Order Family Common Name(s) Group Host

Shown Resistance to Active Ingredient(s)

  1. abamectin (#2)
  2. acephate (#6)
  3. acetamiprid
  4. acrinathrin (#45)
  5. bendiocarb
  6. bifenthrin (#6)
  7. chlorpyrifos (#4)
  8. cyantraniliprole (#2)
  9. cypermethrin (#2)
  10. cypermethrin-alpha (#4)
  11. deltamethrin (#5)
  12. diazinon
  13. dichlorvos
  14. dinotefuran (#2)
  15. emamectin benzoate
  16. endosulfan (#3)
  17. esfenvalerate (#4)
  18. fipronil
  19. formetanate (#31)
  20. imidacloprid (#4)
  21. malathion (#2)
  22. methamidophos
  23. methiocarb (#13)
  24. methiocarb + PBO
  25. methomyl (#2)
  26. permethrin (#6)
  27. pyriproxyfen (#2)
  28. Spinetoram (#14)
  29. spinosad (#26)
  30. tau-fluvalinate (#4)
  31. thiamethoxam (#3)
  32. toxaphene

Citation(s) of Resistance

# Citation
1 Brodsgaard, H.F. (1994). Insecticide resistance in European and African Strains of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) tested in a new residue-on-glass test.. Journal of Economic Entomology, 87(5) 1141-1146.
2 Zhao, G., W. Liu, J.M. Brown, and C.O. Knowles. (1995). Insecticide Resistance in Field and Laboratory Strains of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(5) 1164-1170.
3 Immaraju, J.A., T.D. Paine, J.A. Bethke, K.L. Robb, and J.P. Newman. (1992). Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Reitance to Insecticides in Coastal California Greenhouses. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(1) 9-14.
4 Herron, G.A., James, T.M. (2005). Monitoring insecticide resistance in Australian Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) detects fipronil and spinosad resistance.. Australian Journal of Entomology, 44 299-303.
5 Espinsosa, P.J., Contreras, J., Quinto, V., Gravalos, C., Fernandez, E., Bielze, P. (2005). Metabolic mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Pest Management Science, 61 1009-1015.
6 Race, S.R. (1965). In: FAO 1967.
7 Bielza, Pablo, Quinoto, Vicente, Contreras, Josefina, Torne, Maria, Martin, Alberto and Espinosa, Pedro J. (2007). Resistance to spinosad in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in greenhouses of south-eastern Spain. Pesticide Management Science, 63 682-687.
8 Lopez-Soler, N., Cervera, A., Moores, G. D., Martinez-Pardo, R., and Garcera, M. D. (2008). Esterase isoenzymes and insecticide resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis populations from the south-east region of Spain. Pest Management Science, 64 1258-1266.
9 Bielza, P., Quinto, V., Gravalos, C., Fernandez, E., and Abellan, J. (2008). Impact of Production System on Development of Insecticide Resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101 1685-1690.
10 Bielza, P., Fernandez, E., Gravalos, C., Abellan, J. (2009). Carbamates Synergize the Toxicity of Acrinathrin in Resistant Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 102 393-397.
11 Dagh, F., Tunc, I. (2007). Insecticide resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) collected from horticulture and cotton in Turkey. Australian Journal of Entomology, 46 320-324.
12 Thalavaisundaram, S., Herron, G.A., Clift, A.D., Rose, H.A. (2008). Pyrethroid resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and implications for its management in Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology, 47 64-69.
13 J. Contreras, P.J. Espinosa, V. Quinto, C. Gravalos, E. Fernandez, and P. Bielza. (2008). Stability of insecticide resistance in Frankliniella Occidentalis to acrinathrin, formetanate and methiocarb . Agricultural and Forest Entomology , 10 273-278.
14 Contrearas, J., Espinosa, P., Quinto, V., Abellan, J., Gravalos, C., Fernandez, E., and Bielza P. (2010). Life-Stage Variation in Insecticide Resistance of the Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 103 2164-2168.
15 Jensen, S. E. (1998). Acetylcholinesterase activity associated with methiocarb resistance in a strain of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 61 191-200.
16 Minakuchi, C., Inano, Y., Shi, X., Song, D., Zhang, Y., Miura, K., Miyata, T., Gao, X., Tanaka, T., and Sonoda, S. (2013). Neonicotinoid resistance and cDNA sequences of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 48 507-513.
17 Guillen, J., and Bielza, P. (2013). Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis. Pest Management Science , 69 188-194.
18 Rais, D. S., Sato, M. E., and Silva, M. Z. (2013). Deteddao e monitoramento da resistencia do tripes Frankliniella occidentalis ao inseticida espinosade. Bragantia, 73 35-40.
19 Hou, W., Liu, Q., Tian, L., Wu, Q., Zhang, Y., Xie, W., Wang, S., Miguel, K.S., Funderburk, J., Scott, J. (2014). The alpha-6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit of Frankliniella occidentalis is not involved in resistance to spinosad. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 111 60-67.
20 Gao, C.-F., Ma, S.-M., Shan, C.-H., Wu, S.-F. (2014). Thiamethoxam resistance selected in the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): Cross-resistance patterns, possible biochemical mechanisms and fitness costs analysis. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 114 90-96.
21 Chen X., Yuan, L., Du Y., Zhang Y., and Wang J. (2011). Cross-resistance and biochemical mechanisms of abamectin resistance in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis . Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 101 34-38.
22 Wang, Z., Gong, Y., Jin, G., Li, B., Chen, J., Kang, Z., Zhu, L., Gao, Y., Reitz, S., and Wei, S. (2016). Field-evolved resistance to insecticides in the invasive western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)(Thysanoptera:Thripidae) in China. Pest Management Science , 72 1440-1444.
23 Yue Gao, Kyungjae Andrew Yoon, Jong Hyeok Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim and Si Hyeock Lee. (2022). Overexpression of glutamate-gated chloride channel in the integument is mainly responsible for emamectin benzoate resistance in the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. Pest Management Science, 78 4140-4150.
24 Bilbo, T. R., Kennedy, G. G., and Walgenbach, J. F. (2023). Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) field resistance to spinetoram in North Carolina. Crop Protection, 165 106168.
25 Shen, X. J., Chen, J. C., Cao, L. J., Ma, Z. Z., Sun, L. N., Gao, Y. F., Ma, L. J., Wang, J. X., Ren, Y. J., Cao, H. Q., Gong, Y. J., Hoffmann, A. A., & Wei, S. J. (2023). Interspecific and intraspecific variation in susceptibility of two co-occurring pest thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips palmi, to nine insecticides.. Pest Management Science.
26 Shen, X. J., Chen, J. C., Cao, L. J., Ma, Z. Z., Sun, L. N., Gao, Y. F., Ma, L. J., Wang, J. X., Ren, Y. J., Cao, H. Q., Gong, Y. J., Hoffmann, A. A., & Wei, S. J. (2023). Interspecific and intraspecific variation in susceptibility of two co-occurring pest thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips palmi, to nine insecticides. Pest management science, 79.
27 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
28 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
29 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
30 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
31 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
32 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
33 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
34 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
35 Kain, W., Cotto-Rivera, R. O., & Wang, P. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
36 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
37 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
38 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
39 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.
40 Kamis, B., & Dagli, F. (2023). Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Turkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46.

Location(s) Where Resistance is Reported

# Location

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