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tetranychus urticae

Profile

Order Family Common Name(s) Group Host
acari tetranychidae twospotted spider mite AG cotton, fruits, vegetables, walnut, ornamentals

Shown Resistance to Active Ingredient(s)

  1. BHC/cyclodienes - Unspecified In Literature
  2. Carbamates - Unspecified in Literature
  3. DDT
  4. EPN
  5. Fluacrypyrim
  6. Organophosphates - Unspecified In Literature
  7. TEPP
  8. abamectin
  9. acephate
  10. acequinocyl
  11. acrinathrin
  12. aldicarb
  13. amidithion
  14. amitraz
  15. azinphos-methyl
  16. azobenzene
  17. azocyclotin
  18. benzoximate
  19. bifenazate
  20. bifenthrin
  21. binapacryl
  22. bromophos
  23. bromopropylate
  24. carbophenothion
  25. chlorbenside
  26. chlordimeform
  27. chlorfenapyr
  28. chlorfenson
  29. chlorfensulfide
  30. chlorobenzilate
  31. chloropropylate
  32. chlorpyrifos
  33. clofentezine
  34. cyhexatin
  35. deltamethrin
  36. demeton
  37. demeton-S-methyl
  38. diazinon
  39. dicofol
  40. dicrotophos
  41. dienochlor
  42. dimefox
  43. dimethoate
  44. disulfoton
  45. ethion
  46. ethoate-methyl
  47. etoxazole
  48. famphur
  49. fenazaquin
  50. fenbutatin oxide
  51. fenpropathrin
  52. fenpyroximate
  53. flucycloxuron
  54. formetanate
  55. formothion
  56. hexythiazox
  57. hexythiazox + organotin
  58. malathion
  59. mephosfolan
  60. methamidophos
  61. methidathion
  62. methomyl
  63. mevinphos
  64. milbemectin
  65. monocrotophos
  66. naled
  67. omethoate
  68. parathion
  69. parathion-methyl
  70. permethrin
  71. phenkapton
  72. phenthoate
  73. phorate
  74. phosalone
  75. phosmet
  76. phosphamidon
  77. piperonyl butoxide
  78. pirimiphos-methyl
  79. profenofos
  80. propargite
  81. prothoate
  82. pyridaben
  83. quinomethionate
  84. selenium sulfide
  85. spirodiclofen
  86. spiromesifen
  87. sulfotep
  88. tebufenpyrad
  89. tetradifon
  90. thiometon
  91. tribufos
  92. trichlorfon
  93. vamidothion

Citation(s) of Resistance

  1. Keena, M.A., and J. Garnett. (1987). Cyhexatin and Propargite Resistance in Populations of Spider Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) from California Almonds. Journal of Economic Entomology, 80, 560-564.
  2. Beers, E.H., H. Riedl, and J.E. Dunley. (1998). Resistance to Abamectin and Reversion to susceptibility to Fenbutatin Oxide in Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations in the pacific northwest. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91(2), 352-360.
  3. Flexner, J.L., P.H. Westigard, R.Hilton, and B.A. Croft. (1995). Experimental Evaluation of Resistance Management for twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Southern Oregon Pear: 1987-1993. Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(6), 1517-1524.
  4. Fergusson-Kolmes, L.A., J.G. Scott, and T.J. Dennehey. (1991). Dicofol Resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari:Tetranychidae) : Cross-resistance and Pharmacokinetics. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84(1), 41-48.
  5. Tsagkarakou, A., M. Navajas, J. Lagnel, J. Gutierrez, and N. Pasteur. (1996). Genetic variability in teranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Greece : Insecticide resistance and Isozymes. Journal of Economic Entomology, 89(6), 1354-1358.
  6. Grant, H., V. Edge, and J. Rophail. (1993). Clofentezine and hexythiazox resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch in Australia. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 17, 433-440.
  7. Devine, G.J., M. Barber, and I. Denholm. (2001). Incidence and inheritance of resistance to METI-acracides in European strains of the two-spotted spider mite. Pest Manag Sci, 57, 443-448.
  8. Nauen, R., N. Stumpf, A. Elbert, C.P.W. Zebitz, and W. Kraus. (2001). Acaricide toxicity and resistance in larvae of different strains of Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Pest Manag Sci, 57, 253-261.
  9. Yang, X., L.L. Buschman, K.Y. Zhu, and D.C. Margolies. (2002). Susceptibility and detoxifying enzyme activity in two spider mite species (Acari: Tetranychidae) after selection with three insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95(2), 399-406.
  10. Herron, G.A., and J. Rophil. (1998). Tebufenpyrad (Pyranica) resistance detected in two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychus) from apples in Western Australia. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 22, 633-641.
  11. Kim, Y.J., S.H. Lee, S.W. Lee, and Y.J. Ahn. (2004). Fenpyroximate resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): cross-resistance and biochemical resistance mechanisms. Pest Management Science, 60, 1001-1006.
  12. Herron, G.A., J. Rophail, and L.J. Wilson. (2004). Chlorfenapyr resistance in two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Australian cotton. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 34, 315-321.
  13. Van Leeuwen, T., Pottelberge, S.V., Tirry, L. (2005). Comparative acaricide susceptibility and detoxifying enzyme activties in field-collected resistant and susceptible strains of Tetranychus urticae. Pest Management Science, 61, 499-507.
  14. Suh, E., Koh, S.H., Lee, J.H., Shin, K.I., Cho, K. (2006). Evaluation of resistance pattern to fenpyroximate and pyridaben in Tetranychus urticae collected from greenhouses and apple orchards using lethal cencentration-slope relationship. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 38, 151-165.
  15. no entry in FAO bibliography.
  16. no entry in FAO bibliography.
  17. Anon. 1974d. .
  18. Asakawa, M. (1975). Insecticide resistance in agricultural insect pests of Japan. Jpn. Pestic. Inf., 23, 5-8.
  19. Balevski, A. (1974). Communication to FAO.
  20. Cermeli, M. (1968). In: FAO 1969.
  21. Nelson, R. D. (1985). In: Miller et al. , 1985.
  22. . (1967). Report of the First Session of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Resistance of Pests to Pesticides. FAO, Rome 1965.
  23. . (1969). Report of the Fourth Session of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Resistance of Pests to Pesticides. FAO, Rome 1968.
  24. Geigy, R. (1965). In: FAO 1967.
  25. Glass, E. H. (1960). Current status of pesticide resistance in insects and mites attaching deciduous orchard crops. Misc. Pub. Entomol. Soc. Am., 2, 17-25.
  26. Hely, P.C. (1965). In: FAO 1967.
  27. Hogan, T.W. (1974). Communication to FAO.
  28. Kerr, R. W. (1977). Resistance to control chemicals in Australian arthropod pests. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 16, 327-34.
  29. Kiritani, K. (1974). Communication to FAO.
  30. Lakocy, A. (1974). Communication to FAO.
  31. Lakocy, A. (1965). In: FAO 1967.
  32. Lower, H.F. (1968). In: FAO 1969.
  33. Ma, L.F. (1965). In: FAO 1967.
  34. Maher Ali, A. (1968). In: FAO 1969.
  35. Markkula, M. and Kurppa, S. (1985). Resistance of insects and mites to pesticides in Finland. Ann. Agric. Fenn., 24, 161-174.
  36. Martelli, M. (1968). In: FAO 1969.
  37. Miner, F.D. (1974). Communication to FAO.
  38. Myburgh, G. (1968). In: FAO 1969.
  39. Nickel, J.L. (1985). In: FAO 1967.
  40. Oden, T. (1974). Communication to FAO.
  41. Palm, C. E. (1949). Development and use of synthetic organic insecticides. Adv. Chem. Ser., 1, 218-22.
  42. Plaut, H.N. (1965). In: FAO 1967.
  43. Quayle, H. J. (1943). The increase in resistance in insects to insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol., 36, 493-500.
  44. Robertson, R.L. (1974). Communication to FAO.
  45. Rock, G.C. (1974). Communication to FAO.
  46. Setuin, E. (1974). Communication to FAO.
  47. Talhouk, A. M. S. 1968. In: FAO 1969.
  48. Anon. 1973 Acaricide resistance in orchard mites in Japan. Japan Plant Prot. Assoc., 112pp.
  49. Anon. 1974c. Communication to FAO. Statens Vaxtskyddsanstalt, Solna, Sweden.
  50. Baker, R. T. (1985). A note on resistance of two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) to dicofol in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Exp. Agric., 13, 101-02.
  51. Beran, F. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  52. Berendt, O. 1968. In: FAO 1969.
  53. Bohm, H. 1974. Communication to FAO.
  54. Brun, L. O., Edge, V. E. and Gutierrez, J. (1983). The occurrence of five Tetranychus spp. (Acarine: Tetranychidae) in New Caledonia and their response to acaricides. Trop. Pest Management., 29, 371-77.
  55. Chapman, R. K., and Penman, D. R. (1984). Resistance to propargite by Europoean red mite, Panonychus ulmi, and two spotted mit, Tetranychus urticae. New Zeal. J. Agric. Res., 27, 103-03.
  56. Coulon, J. (1971). Toxicites comparees de diverses substances pour des acariens phytophages (Tetranychus urticae K.) resistants ou non au parathion ethyl. Ann. Zool. Ecol. Anim., 3, 69-78.
  57. Cranham, J. E. (1974). Resistance to organophosphates in red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, from English hop gardens. Ann. Appl. Biol., 78, 99-111.
  58. Cranham, J. E. 1974b. Communication to FAO.
  59. Croft, B. A., Miller, R. W., Nelson, R. D., and Westigard, P. H. (1984). Inheritance of early-stage resistance to formetanate and cyhexatin in Tetranychus urticae, Acarina: Tetranychidae. J. Econ. Entomol., 77, 574-78.
  60. Cwilich, R., and Ascher, K. R. S. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  61. Cwilich, R. and Ascher, K. R. S. (1961). Organophosphorus resistance of spider mites on sugar beets. Israel J. Agric. Res., 11, 135-36.
  62. Dennehy, T. J. 1984. Personal communication.
  63. Dosse, G. 1952. In: Brown 1971.
  64. Edge, V. E. 1984. Personal communication.
  65. Edge, V. E. and James, D. G. (1982). Detection of cyhexatin resistance in two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) in Australia. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 21, 198.
  66. Eldefrawi, M. E. 1968. In: FAO 1969.
  67. French, N. and Ludlam, F. A. B. (1972). Chemical control of red spider mite on glasshouse roses. Plant Path., 21, 99-104.
  68. Fritzsche, R. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  69. Garman, P. (1950). Parathion resistant red spiders. J. Econ. Entomol, 43, 53-56.
  70. Gasser, R. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  71. Gesner, M. and Hurkova, J. (1979). The resistance of red spider mite populations (Tetranychus urticae) to insecticides applied in the hop gardens of Bohemia. Ochr. Rostl., 15, 133-38.
  72. Ghobrial, A., Dittrich, V., Hafiz, M. and Voss, G. (1969). Population analyses of resistance patterns in spider mites of the Tetranychus telarius complex (red and green forms) occuring in Egypt. J. Econ. Entomol., 62, 1262-68.
  73. Goodwin-Wilson, R. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  74. Gould, J. J. (1974). Laboratory and field investigations with organophosphate-resistant Tetranychus urticae. Ann. Appl. Biol., 74, 17-23.
  75. Graves, J. B. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  76. Graham, C. W. 1974. Communication to FAO.
  77. Harrison, R. A. 1968. In: FAO 1969.
  78. Herne, D. H. C. and Brown, A. W. A. (1969). Inheritance and biochemistry of OP-resistance in a New York strain of the two-spotted spider mite. J. Econ. Entomol., 62, 205-09.
  79. Hoyt, S. C., Westigard, P. H. and Croft, B. A. (1985). Cyhexatin resistance in Oregon populations of Tetranychus urticae (Acarina: Tetranychidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 78, 656-59.
  80. Kornilov, V. G. (1972). Control methods for preventing the development of spider mite resistance incovered ground (in Russian). Zashch. Rast., 35, 209-15.
  81. Lambert, M. 1974. Communication to FAO.
  82. Legonski, T. J. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  83. Maelzer, D. A. and Lohmeyer, V. K. (1960). Insecticides and the resistance problem in aple and pear orchards in South Australia. Dep. Agric. S. Aust. Tech. Bull., 30, 8.
  84. Markkula, M. and Tittanen, K. (1970). Two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus telarius L. resistant to aldicarb. Ann. Entomol. Fenn., 36, 191-92.
  85. Matsumura, F. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  86. McEnroe, W. D. and Lakocy, A. (1969). The development of Pentac resistance in an outcrossing swarm of the two-spotted spider mite. J. Econ. Entomol., 62, 283-86.
  87. Mello, E. J. R 1968. In: FAO 1969.
  88. Mello, E. J. R. (1969). Estudo da resistencia do acaro do algodeiro Tetanychus urtiecae aos defensivos emperedgados no seu control. Biologico (Brazil), 35, 125-27.
  89. Miller, L. W. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  90. Mistric, W. J. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  91. Morris, G. L. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  92. Muir, R. C. and Cranham, J. E. (1979). Resistance to pesticides in damson-hop aphid and red spider mite on English hops. Proc. Br. Crop Prot. Conf. Pests Dis., 1, 161-67.
  93. Ong, S. H. and Ballantyne, G. H. (1974). Acaricidal resistance and gentic affinities of some two spotted spider mite populations in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Zool., 1, 523-30.
  94. Pasfield, G. A. 1968. In: FAO 1969.
  95. Pate, T. L. and Brook, T. S. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  96. Rimes, G. D. (1962). Organophosphorus resistance in red spider mite. J. Dep. Agric. W. Aust. 3rd Ser., 3, 871.
  97. Roush, R. T. and Hoy, M. A. (1978). Relative toxicity of permethrin to a predator, Metaseiulus occidentalis and its prey, Tetranychus urticae. Environ. Entomol., 7, 287-88.
  98. Smirnova, A. A. 1974. Communication to FAO.
  99. Smith, F. F. and Fulton, R. A., 1951. Two-spotted spider mite resistant to aerosols. J. Econ. Entomol. 44:229-33.
  100. Somme, L. 1965. In: FAO 1967.
  101. Stathopoulos, D. G. 1974. Communication to FAO.
  102. Stone, L. E. W., Lane, A. Hammon, R. P., Gould, H. J. and Potter, R. F. (1977). Aldicarb treatment of year-round chrysanthemums for control of red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), in 1976. Plant Path., 26, 109-11.
  103. Unwin, B. (1973). Chemical resistance in populations of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) from apple orchards in New South Wales, Australia. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 12, 59-67.
  104. Van Zon, A. Q. and Overmeer, W. P. J. (1975). The occurrence of pesticide resistance in red spider mite populations (Tetranychus urticae Koch) collected from wild plants in the greenhouse district of Aalsmeer, the Netherlands. Z. Angew. Entomol., 79, 213-22.
  105. Westigard, P. H., Lombard, P. and Berry, D. (1967). Bionomics and control of two-spotted spider mite on pear in southern Oregon. Oreg. State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull., 101, 32 pp.
  106. Anon. (1957). Report on Research, Dept. Agric., Ottawa, Canada. In: Brown, 1971.
  107. Caballero, C. 1968. In: FAO 1967.
  108. no entry in FAO bibliography.
  109. Lee, S.C. (1969). Resistance to parathion and kelthane of mites in Korea. Korean Soc. Plant. Prot., 12, 91-96.
  110. Overmeer, W.P.J. and Van Zon, A. Q. (1975). The stability of acaricide resistance in spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) populations from rosehouses. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 18, 68-74.
  111. Sepascosarian, H. (1972). Pflanzenspinnmilben und ihre wirtchaftliche Bedeutung im Iran. Anz. Schadlingsk. D. Pflanzenschutz., 45, 105-107.
  112. Shanks, C.H. 1984. Communication to FAO.
  113. Siforova, T.A. and Gaznyan, N.V. (1975). Resistance of mites to acaricides (in Russian). Zashch. Rast. (Mosc.), 9, 52.
  114. Van Leeuwen, Thomas, Tirry, Luc, and Nauen, Ralf. (2006). Complete maternal inheritance of bifenazate resistance in Tetranychus urticae Loch ( Acari: Tetranychidae) and its implications in mode of action considerations. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 36, 869-877.
  115. Van Leeuwen, Thomas, Tirry, Luc, Nauen, Ralf. (2006). Complete maternal inheritance of bifenazate resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch ( Arcari: Tetranychidae) and its implications in mode of action considerations. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 36, 869-877.
  116. KiSu, A, K. GilHah, L. SoYoung, K. ChulSu, S. SangChul. (2004). Inheritance and stability of etoxazole resistance in twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and its cross resistance. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 43, 43-48.
  117. Sato, Mario E., Da Silva, Marcos Z., Raga, Adalton, and De Souza Filho, Miguel F. (2005). Abamectin Resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch ( Acari: Tetranychidae): Selection, Cross-Resistance and Stability of Resistance. Crop Protection, 34(6), 991-998.
  118. Van Pottelberge, S., Van Leeuwen, T., Khajehali, J., and Tirry, L. (2009). Genetic and biochemical analysis of a laboratory-selected spirodiclofen-resistant strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Pest Management Science, 65, 358-366.
  119. Van Nieuwenhuyse, P., Van Leeuwen, T., Khajehali, J., Vanholme, B., and Tirry, L. (2009). Mutations in the mitochondrial cytochrome b of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) confer cross-resistance between bifenazate and acequinocyl. Pest Management Science, 65, 404-412.
  120. Khajehali, J., Van Leeuwen, T., Grispou, M., Morou, E., Alout, H., Weill, M., Tirry, L., Vontas, J., Tsagkarakou, A. (2010). Acetylcholinesterase point mutations in European strains of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) resistant to organophosphates. Pest Management Science, 66, 220-228.
  121. Gorman, K., Hewitt, F., Denholm, I., Devine, G.J. (2001). New Developments in insecticide resistance in the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in the UK. Pest Management Science, 58, 123-130.
  122. Van Pottelberge, S., Van Leeuwen, T., Nauen, R., Tirry, L. (2008). Resistance mechanisms to mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors in a field-collected strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 99, 22-31.
  123. Sato, M.E., Miyata,T., Silva, M., Raga, A., Souza Filho, M.F. (2004). Slections for fenpyroximate resistance and susceptibility, and inheritance, cross-resistance and stability of fenpyroximate resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari:Tetranychidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 39, 293-302.
  124. Nicastro, R., Sato, M., Silva, M. (2009). Milbemectin resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): selection, stability and cross resistance to abamectin . Experimenal and Applied Acarology.
  125. Yorulmaz, S., Ay, R. (2009). Multiple resistance, detoxifying enzyme activity, and inheritance of abamectin resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 33, 393-402.

Location(s) Where Resistance is Reported

  1. Argentina
  2. Australia
  3. Austria
  4. Belgium
  5. Brazil
  6. Bulgaria
  7. Canada
  8. Chile
  9. Czechoslovakia
  10. Denmark
  11. Egypt
  12. Finland
  13. France
  14. Germany
  15. Greece
  16. Iran
  17. Israel
  18. Italy
  19. Japan
  20. Korea
  21. Lebanon
  22. Netherlands
  23. New Zealand
  24. Norway
  25. Poland
  26. South Africa
  27. Sweden
  28. Switzerland
  29. Taiwan
  30. Turkey
  31. United Kingdom
  32. USA
  33. USSR
  34. Venezuela
  35. Zimbabwe
  36. USA -- Indiana
  37. USA -- New York
  38. USA -- Louisiana
  39. USA -- Arkansas
  40. USA -- Michigan
  41. USA -- California
  42. USA -- Mississippi
  43. Canada -- Ontario
  44. USA -- Connecticut
  45. USA -- New Jersey
  46. USA -- Pennsylvania
  47. USA -- Massachusetts
  48. USA -- North Carolina
  49. Australia -- Western Australia
  50. Australia -- New South Wales
  51. Australia -- Victoria
  52. USA -- Washington
  53. USA -- Oregon
  54. USA -- Ohio
  55. Australia -- South Australia
  56. Australia -- Tasmania
  57. USA -- Wisconsin
  58. USSR -- Tajik
  59. USA -- Kansas
  60. USA -- Eastern
  61. United Kingdom -- Worcester
  62. Korea -- lab selected
  63. Belgium -- Ghent University
  64. Korea -- Gyeonggi -- Incheon
  65. Korea -- Gyeongbuk -- Chilgok
  66. Korea -- Gyeongbuk -- Gumi
  67. Korea -- Gyeongbuk -- Bonghwa
  68. Korea -- Chungbuk -- Cheongju
  69. Korea -- Chungbuk -- Jincheon
  70. Korea -- Chungnam -- Daejeon
  71. Korea -- Chungnam -- Buyeo
  72. Korea -- Gyeongnam -- Geochang
  73. Korea -- Jeonnam -- Gwangju
  74. Korea -- Gyeongnam -- Haman
  75. Korea -- Gyeongnam -- Masan
  76. Korea -- Gangwon -- Wonju
  77. Korea -- Gyeongbuk -- Yeongcheon
  78. Korea -- Gyeongbuk -- Uiseong
  79. Korea -- Chungbuk -- Chungju
  80. Korea -- Jeonbuk -- Gochang
  81. Korea -- Gyeongbuk -- Yeongju
  82. Korea -- Jeonnam -- Gurye
  83. Korea -- Gangwon -- Gangneung
  84. Korea -- Jeonbuk -- Jeonju
  85. Belgium -- East Flanders -- Ghent -- Rose Garden
  86. Korea -- Chungnam -- Buyo -- rose greenhouse
  87. Brazil -- São Paulo -- Atibaia county
  88. Belgium -- Ghent
  89. Netherlands -- Nieuwveen -- HOL1
  90. Netherlands -- Hoek van Holland -- HOL1
  91. Netherlands -- Hoek van Holland -- HOL2
  92. Netherlands -- Tuil -- HOL4
  93. Belgium -- Ghent -- BEL1
  94. Belgium -- Brussels -- MR-VP
  95. Netherlands -- SAMB
  96. Germany -- Berlin -- GSS
  97. Germany -- Berlin -- WI
  98. Belgium -- MR-VL
  99. Greece -- Athens -- ATHRos-Pm
  100. United Kingdom -- Hampshire
  101. United Kingdom -- Warwickshire
  102. Belgium -- Brussels -- greenhouses at National Botanical Garden
  103. Brazil -- Sao Paulo -- Atibaia -- commercial strawberry field
  104. Brazil -- Sao Paulo
  105. Turkey -- Antalya

Other Reference

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United States Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research and Extension ServiceInsecticide Resistance Action CommitteeMichigan State University ExtensionWERA-60